今年5月12日是第17个全国防灾减灾日（National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Day），2008年汶川地震也已经过去17年。关于地震灾害的防震减灾知识技能到底需要掌握多少呢？

今天，中国地震局发布《防震减灾基本知识与技能大纲》（简称《大纲》），为大家划了重点。

The China Earthquake Administration released an outline of fundamental knowledge and skills for earthquake prevention and mitigation, aiming to emphasize key points for the general public.

《大纲》共包括18条内容及其释义。其中包括9条基本知识和理念，以及9条基本行为和技能，分别覆盖地震观测、地震预报、地震预警、应对地震谣言、震时应急避险技能等方面。

The outline consists of 18 items along with their explanations. These encompass nine basic pieces of knowledge and concepts, as well as nine fundamental behaviors and skills, encompassing areas such as earthquake observation, earthquake prediction, earthquake warning, addressing earthquake rumors, and emergency response skills during earthquakes.

《大纲》指出，地震是一种自然现象，地震发生不可避免，但是地震灾害可以减轻。当较大地震发生在附近时，人们通常先感到明显的上下颠簸，数秒到十余秒后会经历更为强烈的震动或摇晃。

While earthquakes are a natural phenomenon and their occurrence is inevitable, the outline suggests that earthquake disasters can be lessened.When a larger earthquake occurs nearby, people typically first experience a noticeable vertical jolt, followed by more intense shaking or swaying within a few seconds to over ten seconds.

《大纲》还介绍了地震预测和地震预警的情况。它指出，地震预测还是世界科学难题，尚处于研究探索阶段。国家对地震预报意见实行统一发布制度。

The Outline also elaborates on earthquake prediction and early warning.It highlights that earthquake prediction remains a global scientific challenge and is still in the exploratory research phase. The state implements a unified release system for earthquake prediction reports.  

地震预警则是破坏性地震发生后发出的紧急警报，能给破坏性地震波尚未到达地区提供数秒至数十秒的提前应对时间。同时《大纲》指出，地震预警有盲区，并且存在误报和漏报风险。

Earthquake warnings are immediate alerts issued following a destructive earthquake, offering several to dozens of seconds of advance notice for regions where harmful seismic waves have not yet arrived.Meanwhile, the outline notes that earthquake early warning systems have blind zones and carry inherent risks of false alarms and missed alerts.  

2024年7月25日，历经5年建设的国家地震预警工程顺利通过竣工验收，正式转入全面运行，向全社会正式提供地震预警和烈度速报信息服务。这项工程也是全球规模最大的地震预警网，实现了分钟级地震速报向秒级地震预警的跨越式发展。

On July 25, 2024, China's national earthquake early warning project, the largest of its kind globally, officially commenced full operation following a five-year construction period.

This project constitutes the world's largest earthquake early warning network, achieving a transformative leap from minute-level rapid earthquake reporting to second-level earthquake early warning capabilities.  

《大纲》还呼吁大家掌握一些基本的防震减灾的行为和技能，比如会通过APP、微信小程序等方式获取地震预警等地震信息服务，能够识别红、橙、黄、蓝四个地震预警级别。

其中红色预警是最高级别，表示预估有极严重破坏，需立即采取避险措施。

橙色预警是次高级别，表示预估有严重破坏，需采取避险措施。

黄色预警是中级警告，表示预估有中度影响，需保持警惕。

蓝色预警是最低级别，表示预估有轻微影响，可保持正常活动。

The Outline further calls on the public to acquire essential earthquake preparedness competencies, including:  

- Accessing earthquake early warning (EEW) services via apps and WeChat Mini Programs

- Interpreting four-tier color-coded alerts:  

Red Alert (Highest): Indicates projected catastrophic impacts requiring immediate risk mitigation  

Orange Alert (High): Signals severe potential damage necessitating protective actions  

Yellow Alert (Moderate): Warns of noticeable seismic effects demanding heightened vigilance  

Blue Alert (Basic): Suggests minor tremors allowing normal activity continuation  

此外，大家还要能够识别并且不传播地震谣言。如果怀疑某种现象可能与地震有关，可咨询当地地震部门。

Additionally, everyone should be able to identify and refrain from spreading earthquake rumors. If suspecting certain phenomena might be earthquake-related, consult local seismic authorities.

《大纲》呼吁大家养成防震备灾习惯，准备地震应急包，合理放置家具、电器和高大物品，熟悉周边避难场所分布和疏散路线，制定家庭应急避险计划并开展演练。

The guidelines call on the public to develop earthquake preparedness habits: prepare emergency kits, properly arrange furniture/appliances/tall objects, familiarize with nearby evacuation sites and routes, establish family emergency plans, and conduct drills.

在遭遇地震时，大家要能够因地制宜采取伏地、遮挡、手抓牢，强烈震动结束后移动到安全位置等合理可行的避险措施。如果在公共场所，则要听从现场应急指挥。

During earthquakes, people should take feasible protective measures appropriate to their circumstances - "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" during strong shaking, then move to safe locations after intense vibrations cease. In public spaces, follow on-site emergency instructions.

若一旦被困在地震废墟中，大家要合理呼救，注意保存体力，耐心等待救援；同时根据所处环境和条件积极自救，尽可能摆脱埋压状态。

If trapped in earthquake debris, victims should call for help rationally while conserving energy and awaiting rescue patiently. Simultaneously, actively attempt self-rescue based on environmental conditions to escape entrapment whenever possible.

文章来源：中国日报双语新闻

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